Gonadal Dysfunction and Body Fluid Analysis

Question: Discuss about the Gonadal Dysfunction and Body Fluid Analysis. Answer: Where are the following hormones synthesized and what are their target tissues (male and female): LH, FSH, testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone? Leutinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone are produced by gonadotrophs. For LH, the target tissue in male is testis and in female it is ovary. The target tissue of FSH in male is seminiferous tubules of testes and in females it is ovarian follicles. Testosterone are produced by the Leydig cells in the testes and their target tissue in female is brain and in male it is male reproductive organs. Estrogen are produced by the ovaries after stimulation by follicle stimulating hormone and progesterone are produced by corpus luteum. The main target tissues of estrogen in female are- breast, ovaries and uterus and in male it is brain causing maturation of brain. The main target tissue for progesterone in female are- mammary gland, uterine endometrium and in males it is body cells. In the conditions listed below, what are the hormone(s) involved, symptoms observed, lab assays used to diagnose, and expected results of those assays (abnormal - disease and normal)? Primary and secondary testicular hypofunction- Primary hypofunction is problems related to the testes themselves while secondary testicular hypofunction are caused by lower production of leutinizing hormones by the pituitary gland (Aliberti et al., 2016). Symptoms like- abnormal generation of genitalia and male sex observations. Tests required- blood test, testicular ultrasound, semen analysis. The outcomes are normal results. b. Primary and secondary testicular hyperfunction- It is caused by tumor formation. Symptoms includes painless increase in size of testes. The treatment include irradiation and surgery. It results in removal of scrotum by surgery. c. Primary and secondary ovarian hypofunction- Primary hypofunction is associated with disturbances in the production of ovarian steroid hormones. Symptoms includes period irregularity, alteration of mood, infertility. Test includes karyotyping, ultrasound scans. The assay performed helps in leading an individual a normal life. d. Primary and secondary ovarian hyperfunction- Primary ovarian hyperfunction happens after puberty and secondary before onset of puberty. e. Hirutism- The hormones involved are androgens and testosterone. Symptoms includes deepening of voice, increased muscle mass, acne formation and hair development in unusual areas like chest, abdomen and face in females. Tests used- ovarian ultrasound, Ferriman Gallwey score test. Expected results showed the severity of the disease indicating that the patient is diseased. f. Virilization- Hormones involved are androgens and testosterone. Indications are- body hair growth, irregular menstruation, male pattern baldness. etc. tests- blood test, CT scan or MRI. Results showed prevalency of disease and tumor formation. g. Menopause- Hormones involved are estrogen and progesterone. Symptoms involves periodic changes, changes in vaginal secretions (Bauman et al., 2016). Tests performed FSH test. FSH test helps in detecting menopause and other pituitary disorders. h. Andropause- Hormones are testosterone. Symptoms includes- low sex drive, depression, body fat increased. Tests includes total testosterone level. The results of the tests indicates low and high level of testosterone and therefore severity of disease. i. Male infertility- Hormones involved testosterone and sperm. Symptoms includes- hair growth changes, enlargement of testicles. Semen analysis is the effective test. The test gives determination of number and shape of sperm and their morphology. j. Female infertility- Symptoms include inability to get pregnant. Tests includes endocrine system tests, endometrial biopsy and ultrasonography. Tests indicates signs of ovulation. Reference Aliberti, P., Marino, R., Ramirez, P., Garrido, N. P., Solari, A. J., Sciurano, R., ... Mutti, M. L. G. (2016). FRI-149: Early Lost of Germ Cells in Testis of Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome. Bauman, A., Novello, L., Kreitzer, P. (2016). Endocrine Disorders and Delayed Puberty. InAbnormal Female Puberty(pp. 87-107). Springer International Publishing.